Philomela by Matthew Arnold free essay sample

This poem is a mythological history of love and treason, a history that show the poet’s dramatic loneliness and alienation from the real world. The poetic voice speaks to an external self, comparing his passion and his pain with the eternal passions and pains of the world, always the same, represented by the myth of Philomela. It is then a clear declaration of what is poetry for the author, and by the use of mythological images he achieves an universal meaning through space and time. The poem has three stanzas of 4, 11, and 17 lines, with few rhymes and various patterns. The first part introduces the topology, the second adds the narrative elements with a link to the past, then, in the third stanza, the poet completes the narrative using rhetorical questions, obtaining a full fusion of himself with poetry and with the myth. First Stanza In the four lines of the first stanza the poet introduces the setting of the story he is going to tell/narrate. We will write a custom essay sample on Philomela by Matthew Arnold or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His imperative â€Å"Hark! †, repeated twice, is an invitation to listen the sing of the nightingale, a call to himself, a call to his world. Then the name of the mythical bird: â€Å"the nightingale†, a poetic symbol linked with the themes of love, betrayed love, revenge, and therefore rather a lament than a chant. At the same time the nightingale represents, over centuries, the superior art that can inspire the poet, a kind of romantic muse. The other symbolic object in this first part of the poem is the â€Å"cedar†, for it is well known the wide use of this aromatic wood in ancient Greece to build ships, thus two specific semantic fields can be found in the cedar tree: the classical Greek environment that the poet wants to create, and his ability to build his own art. The last line of this stanza, evaluated with the title of the poem, makes completely clear the images just given: triumph and pain together are the feelings transmitted by the mythical nightingale, by the myth of Philomela. Second Stanza The second stanza begins in perfect coherence with the setting of the first. The poet calls to a â€Å"wanderer†, a very topical noun for poets, rising/showing a feeling of surprise for something unexpected. Now the poetic voice is addressing directly the mythological bird, he calls it (the zoomorphic Philomela) â€Å"wanderer from a Grecian shore,† making a first personification from a human being into a nightingale that will be revealed in the following lines. After many years, and from the far land of Greece (line 6), the bird is here, where the poet can listen her â€Å"burst†. From line 7 the personification is complete, the poet states two rhetorical questions to define more and more who is the nightingale’s personification: it is Philomela. She is asked from the poetic voice if she is still suffering for an ancient, deep, intact pain, an â€Å"old-world pain† that gives all the sense of wideness of her eternal love suffering. The second question of this stanza recalls the reader where the poet is, a topological point of view that change the time and space setting: from Greece to England, from myth to reality. Now, Philomela, in the shape of a nightingale is here, with the poet, can the idyllic place be a â€Å"balm† for her sorrow? Third Stanza In the third stanza the poetic voice begins with one of the three interrogatives that will give the educated reader the whole scene of the mythological story the speaker is referencing to. It is the myth of Philomela and Procne, betrayed by Tereus. The zoomorphic personification reveals the identity of Philomela, now a nightingale, singing on the cedar tree, whose singing the poet can hear, getting from it a fresh inspiration for poetry. From line 16 to line 27, each question is an episode of the myth, the poetic voice asks for facts he already knows, recalling the events to increase the pathos in an hyperbole of emotion. Then, it is clear a double personification: the one of Philomela into a nightingale, and the one of the poet himself into the same mythical bird, as the muse of his poetic art. The last question (lines 22-27) gives to the reader a feeling of hysical materialization of Philomela, the word â€Å"assay† is in general relevant with substances, objects (or subject) that change shape and state, â€Å"the feathery change†: from human to fauna, from history to myth. And all this sorrow, for a betrayed love, â€Å"once more seem to make resound† in the city of Daulis, in the Cephis valley, the places where the tragedy happened. Now the very last interrogative (lines 28-30) is a call to Eugene. Who is Eugene? It is a name, but it is also a genus of the myrtle family plant, another main symbol in poetry. Thus it can be inferred that Eugene is the muse of the poet, the poetic inspiration that is in himself, the old and new world that, inside him and in the same time, drives him to â€Å"Eternal passion! † and to â€Å"Eternal pain! †. Conclusion Same last consideration about the metrical scheme and the main subject of this poem. This poem is part of a tradition destined to endure through time, it shows the theme of the incurable loneliness of the exiled artist from his ethereal country, trapped in the physical world but subdued to the desire of infinity, a being always balanced between elevation and fall.

Minority discrimination in a work place essays

Minority discrimination in a work place essays This current issue is based on the articles in the National Post on June 16,2000 "Coca Cola Hit With New Race Bias Suit". This article refers to the employment discrimination on the basis of race and colour. Coca cola company was slapped with a new racial discrimination lawsuit filed against the company, after its settlement involving a similar discrimination suit. Lawyers had filed this race-discrimination lawsuit, this one alleging that black workers had been passed over for promotion, paid less than their white colleagues, and force to do demeaning jobs. The new suit was filed in Fulton County Superior court, involves four black women who were former Coke employees. It is unlawful to discriminate against any employee for employment because of his/her race or colour in regard to hiring, terminating, promotion, compensation, job training, or any other privilege of employment. Harassment on the basis of race or colour racial comments or other verbal or physical conduct based on an individual race is not appropriate in a work place. The worlds largest soft drink company was maintaining racially biased hiring practices and a hostile work environment for blacks and minority workers. This current issue is based on the articles in the National Post on June 16,2000 "Coca Cola Hit With New Race Bias Suit". This article refers to the employment discrimination on the basis of race and colour. Coca cola company was slapped with a new racial discrimination lawsuit filed against the company, after its settlement involving a similar discrimination suit. Lawyers had filed this race-discrimination lawsuit, this one alleging that black workers had been passed over for promotion, paid less than their white colleagues, and force to do demeaning jobs. The new suit was filed in Fulton County Superior court, involves four black women who were former Coke employees. It is unlawful to discriminate against any employee for e ...

How effective is terrorism legislation with regards to restraining Dissertation

How effective is terrorism legislation with regards to restraining terrorists - Dissertation Example Qualitative researchers: reject the idea that social sciences (such as education and training) can be studied with the same methods as the natural or physical sciences; feel that human behavior is always bound to the context in which it occurs; therefore, behavior must be studied holistically, in context, rather than being manipulated; employ an "insider's" perspective; this makes qualitative research an intensely personal and subjective style of research. Quantitative researcher: argues that both the natural and social sciences strive for testable and confirmable theories that explain phenomena by showing how they are derived from theoretical assumptions; reduces social reality to variables in the same manner as physical reality; attempt to tightly control the variable in question to see how other variables are influenced. (San Diego State University, 2006) As can be seen from the above descriptions, the sheer complexity of the situation regarding terrorism is most suited to one that sees "context" as everything, rejecting the idea that human relations can be simplified to a model as exists within the physical sciences. The "insider's" perspective is exactly the type that will allow for the most useful information to be gleaned. Viewing the situation of terrorism from an objective distance. will tend towards either of two equally undesirable ends: a conclusion of incomprehensibility or one that falls back on old stereotypes and clichs. Adopting the qualitative approach may not offer as easy cause and effect solutions to the question, but it will allow a far better exploration of what is actually occurring. The Definition of "Terrorism" and "Terrorist" The origins of the word "terrorist" are rather ironic. It seem as... This dissertation reveals that the simple, stark question remains as to whether a legislation could have stopped these young men planning and then implementing their bombings. Could any legislation have stopped them walking into that Underground station that morning? The answer is no. Many of the arguments that revolve around the issue of terrorism avoid the dilemma that is at the center of any free society’s reaction to those who want to destroy it. Namely, how far should a society go in giving up freedoms in order to protect them? Totalitarian countries tend to be remarkably free of terrorism because a police state does not allow such groups to even begin to form. If the choice is between living in a police state free of terrorism and living in a free society in which terrorism may occur, the vast majority of the British people (as in all free countries) will choose the latter. In conclusion, a free society and a democracy allow people to do and say almost anything as long as it does not directly harm anybody else. People have the privacy of their own homes to discuss what they will: if terrorism and its glories are one of those subjects there is nothing a free society can do about it. British people may move from house to house, street to street, city to city and even (within Europe) from country to country, without government intervention. One of the weaknesses that go along with the great strength of such a free society is that a terrorist may do the same thing.

Movie Reaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Movie Reaction - Essay Example And, in the process, the audiences will get to see a new version of reality. Fantasy will actually be able to come out of the books and the directors will be able to portray their version of fantasy on the movie screen. With technology it is possible to show imagination. In the second scene from the movie, the director and the apprentice try to capture a local wedding in their video camera. In the beginning they seem really pleased with the progress but suddenly the mood of the wedding attendants’ changes. To get a good shot the two men stand right in the way of the wedding procession. The bride is being carried in a small decorated cart. The men with the bride see this as an interruption in their ceremony. They get angry and chase away the two men. I see that anything new or strange always brings out hostility in people. They chases away the cameramen in the movie but today no wedding is complete without a camera man. This scene reminded me of the Benjamin’s words; â€Å"Their most powerful agent is the film. Its social significance, particularly in its most positive form, is inconceivable without its destructive, cathartic aspect, that is, the liquidation of the traditional value of the cultural heritage.† (Benjamin, Ch. II) â€Å"The change that has come about is an expression of the particular conflict in which painting was implicated by the mechanical reproducibility of paintings. Although paintings began to be publicly exhibited in galleries and salons, there was no way for the masses to organize and control themselves in their reception.† (Benjamin, Ch. XII)   EXPLAIN why you chose the two paragraphs/sections from the article. HOW does those paragraphs/sections relate to the movie. *The focus should be on explaining your understanding of the paragraphs with support from movie This section (Part 1) is from Chapter II of the article and instantly reminded me of the

Personal Case Study Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personal Case Study Reflection - Essay Example It decided, however, not to extend the same coverage to its local staff, providing them only with the standard life insurance. Despite precautions taken, a local rebel group captured three personnel, one American and two Filipinos. Without disclosing the facts, APC later announced the return of the American engineer; the two Filipinos, however, remained in captivity, and only subsequently were able to escape and return to their home base, unharmed but severely traumatized and weakened. This study intends to examine the decision-making process undertaken by APC wherein it was decided that only the expatriate engineers be given the higher insurance coverage, but that the local personnel be denied this policy. The issues that were considered in this process shall be discussed, followed by the process by which the issues were resolved and the decision arrived at. The outcome of the decision and its effects are thereafter assessed. A summary reflection follows, comparing the specifics of the decision-making process with academic theory, and a conclusion explains the propriety of the decision, or lack of it. A final generalisation concerning planning and decision-making under uncertainty is made in completion of the exercise. Issue and their causes There are a number of crucial issues considered in this situation: (1) Financial justification. Apparently, first and foremost issue considered, rightly or wrongly, is the need to pay higher premiums for personnel perceived to be of lower risk to the organisation. All employees are covered by the group life insurance coverage offered by the firm as a benefit. However, for those perceived in higher risk, they are given a more thorough coverage. The assumption was that foreigners are greater targets of kidnap-and-ransom (Risk Atlas, 2012) compared to the locals, because foreigners stand out in the crowd, perceived as rich, and are viewed with political clout, while locals blend in, are not particularly moneyed, and would not command the interest of the political authorities. As such, the added financial cost of higher insurance premiums is more justified for expatriates than for local personnel. (2) Morality of treating human resources above financial resources. The next apparent issue is that of treating people’s lives and safety as more important than whatever money the business may save from foregoing their protection. The morality of endangering human lives is put on the balance against enhancing profits by reducing spending, considering that APC placed the engineers in the same risky situation. This situation redounds to APC’s corporate social responsibility to ensure their employees’ health and safety (HSE, 2013). (3) Racial or ethnic discrimination – Closely related to the preceding issue is that of discrimination in providing personal protection based on differences in race. Differences in the first issue notwithstanding, the law provides equal protection to individu als regardless of race, creed, ethnicity, and so forth. The difference between this and the second issue above is that discrimination is based on the law on human rights rather than principles of morality or ethics. The decision-making process used The decision was undertaken by the regional operations manager for Asia and the Pacific (RMA). The RMA made the decision unilaterally and personally, based on a cost-benefit study he had

Reactions of Copper and Percent Yield

Reactions of Copper and Percent Yield Purpose-The purpose of this experiment is to examine the chemistry of copper and with the concept of percent yield. /2 Procedure- CHEM16882, Applied Chemistry1 Laboratory Manual Experiment no.6 posted on slate/Sheridan college, Brampton (accessed on 20.feb.2017) (1). /2 Observations Create your own data table for quantitative data. The table must include all the measurements you recorded in the laboratory; it must have a table number and title. Answer- Table for quantitative data measured while conducting the experiment. Compound Mass(+ /- 0.0001g) Initial weight of copper 0.5189g Final weight of copper 0.5651g Weight of 250 ml empty beaker 117.29g Evaporating dish 56.2529g Final weight of copper + evaporating dish 56.8180g /4 In table format record qualitative observations for each of the five reactions. All observations must be written in complete sentences. The table(s) must have a table number and title. Answer-Table 1. Reaction 1. Cu + Physical state The physical state of copper is solid. The physical state of Nitric acid is liquid. Copper2 nitrate is liquid in nature. Nitrogen dioxide is a gas. Water i.e. dihydrogen monoxide O ) is a Liquid. Color The color of copper is brown Nitric acid is clear. Copper 2 nitrate is in Blue green color. Nitrogen dioxide is in brownish shade Dihydrogen monoxide is Clear. ADDITIONAL OBSERVATION-Heat is generated during this experiment. Table 2. Reaction 2. Cu Physical state The physical state of copper nitrate is Liquid. The physical state of sodium hydroxide is Liquid. Copper hydroxide is Solid in nature. Sodium nitrate is in Liquid form. Color It is in Blue green color. It is Clear. It is Black in color. It is in Dark blue color. ADDITIONAL OBSERVATION-Blue precipitates are formed when NaOH is added. Table 3. Reaction3. Cu Physical state The physical state of copper hydroxide is Solid. Copper hydroxide is Solid. The physical state of dihydrogen monoxide is Solid. Color It is Dark blue in color. It is in Black color. Table 4. Reaction 4. CuO + Physical state The physical state of copper hydroxide is solid. Sulphur acid is in Liquid form. Copper hydroxide is liquid. The physical state of dihydrogen monoxide is Solid. Color It is in Blackish tone. It is Colorless. It is Light blue in color. Table 5. Reaction 5. Cu Physical state The physical state of copper sulphate is Liquid. Zinc is a Solid. Zinc sulphate is solid in nature. Copper is in Solid form. Color It is Black in color. It is Silver in color. It is Colorless. It is Reddish/brown in color. ADDITIONAL OBSERVATION-Heat is generated during this reaction. Write balanced chemical equations for each of the five reactions. Identify and name the product(s) for each reaction. State whether the product is a solid, liquid or gas. Answer-Reaction 1 Reaction 2 Reaction 3 Reaction 4 Reaction 5 /5 For each of the five reactions, identify the type(s) of reaction each is. Your choices are: decomposition reaction, oxidation-reduction reaction, acid-base reaction, combustion reaction, single displacement reaction, double displacement reaction and synthesis reaction. Answer- Reaction 1. It is a decomposition reaction. Reaction 2. It is a double displacement reaction. Reaction 3. It is single displacement reaction. Reaction 4. It is Acid Base Reaction. Reaction 5. It is a Redox Reaction i.e. oxidation reduction reaction because zinc loses 2 of its electrons and copper gains 2 electrons. /3 Calculations All calculations must show the equation used (typed with equation editor), units must be present with all numbers and the final answer must be recorded with the correct number of significant figures. 1. Calculate the % yield of Cu at the end of the five reaction steps. (This could also be referred to as the % recovery of Cu.) Show ALL calculations. Answer- Actual mass of copper=0.5189g Final mass of copper obtained= Mass of evaporating dish and copper (g) Mass of empty flat evaporating dish(g) =56.8180g-56.2529g=0.5651g=0.56g Percentage yield %= = /3 2. For Reaction 1 between Cu and HNO3, calculate the theoretical yield of Cu(NO3)2 in grams. Answer- Reaction 1. Molecular mass of Cu =63.546g/mol Molecular mass of HN=63.01284g/mol Molecular mass of =187.554g/mol Mole of Cu = Theoretical yield of = /3 3. For Reaction 1 between Cu and HNO3, confirm that HNO3 was present in excess. (Show a calculation to support your answer) Answer- Reaction 1. Molecular mass of Cu =63.546g/mol Molecular mass of HN=63.01284g/mol Molecular mass of =187.554g/mol Mole of Cu = Theoretical yield of = /2 4. For Reaction 2, calculate how many moles of NaOH you added. Answer- Reaction 2 Molecular mass of =187.54g/mol Mole of NaOH=1.4g /2 Questions What compound was being removed in the procedural step where 150 mL of hot R.O. water was added to the solid CuO precipitate? Do you think that all of this compound was removed by this washing? How could this error affect your percent yield? How could this error be minimized? Answer-Hydroxide atoms was being removed in the step of procedure where 150 ml hot water was added to CuO solid precipitate. No, I dont think so that all of compound was taken off by washing it. Some particles were added by human error, which resulted in increased amount of the product which affected the final result i.e. percent yield of copper. The chances of error can be reduced by various methods. One such method is by making some changes in procedure i.e. washing of precipitates entirely until the particles are removed thoroughly or by increasing dissolution process. /6 2. List two errors that could increase your % yield and two errors that could decrease % yield. Describe one of each type in details. Answer Two errors that may occur during conducting the experiment which could increase the % yield of copper are as follows-: By human error, i.e. while washing method some of the water cannot be removed from NaNO3 particles from copper hydroxide particles which will result in increased mass of final product. In the final result we got more mass than the actual mass because zinc does not fully react with CuSO4. Some particles still remain inside with the copper. Two errors that may occur during the experiment which could decrease %yield are as follows-: Some particles remain left inside the beaker while transferring from one to another which reduced the weight resulted in %yield. Some particles get transferred into the beaker with water and there was loss in the weight which affected the result and we get more mass than actual mass value. /8 Conclusion(s) /3 To sum up, the final mass of copper which is obtained after performing the experiment was greater than the initial copper mass. Reference(s) 1.https://slate.sheridancollege.ca/d2l/le/content/348286/viewContent/5357151/View (accessed on 20.feb.2017) 2. AC1 Experiment 6/Template_Copper Percent Yield, Ques 2. /2 Teacher Evaluation (Students leave this part blank) Overall organization of lab report: formatting of chemical and mathematical equations; clarity of answers; spelling and grammar; attention to details; completed cover sheet; use of headers and footers. Laboratory performance: punctuality; time management; team work; attention to safety; use of personal protection equipment; using appropriate lab techniques; preparation of lab data book in advance of the lab; cleanup of lab work area. /5 Total laboratory grade: /55 Professors suggestions for improvement:

Nutrition Essay -- Health Nutrition Pyramid Diet

Nutrition is an important issue in my life for many reasons. The most important being my major, dental hygiene. I’ve taken a couple nutrition courses already. I also simply care for the fact that what we eat is associated with our health and how long we may live. Before I went to the website I didn’t expect to see many healthy benefits to eating McDonalds so I guess I was prepared. It said that McDonald’s food is linked to serious diseases because of the high fat and low fiber content. I know from my nutrition classes in the past that a low fiber diet is linked obesity, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, colon cancer, and many more things. I find it amusing that they can say that their food can be a valuable part of a balanced diet. I don’t think that they should be allowed to promote that in any way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the website I found a part on evidence talking about how McDonald’s is not being truthful to it’s customers. They lied about what goes into their Chicken McNuggets. They claimed that it was just chicken breast and thigh meat but it is actually chicken meat mixed with chicken skin and cooked in high-beef lard, which is absorbed into it. They also lied about being the first fast food chain to voluntarily give out the ingredients in their food. They didn’t do it voluntarily they were made to but not without a fight of course. So the question is why is McDonald’s trying to deceive their customers? I went to McDonald’s healthy eating policy on the website... Nutrition Essay -- Health Nutrition Pyramid Diet Nutrition is an important issue in my life for many reasons. The most important being my major, dental hygiene. I’ve taken a couple nutrition courses already. I also simply care for the fact that what we eat is associated with our health and how long we may live. Before I went to the website I didn’t expect to see many healthy benefits to eating McDonalds so I guess I was prepared. It said that McDonald’s food is linked to serious diseases because of the high fat and low fiber content. I know from my nutrition classes in the past that a low fiber diet is linked obesity, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, colon cancer, and many more things. I find it amusing that they can say that their food can be a valuable part of a balanced diet. I don’t think that they should be allowed to promote that in any way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the website I found a part on evidence talking about how McDonald’s is not being truthful to it’s customers. They lied about what goes into their Chicken McNuggets. They claimed that it was just chicken breast and thigh meat but it is actually chicken meat mixed with chicken skin and cooked in high-beef lard, which is absorbed into it. They also lied about being the first fast food chain to voluntarily give out the ingredients in their food. They didn’t do it voluntarily they were made to but not without a fight of course. So the question is why is McDonald’s trying to deceive their customers? I went to McDonald’s healthy eating policy on the website...

China Restaurant ; Foodservice Review

Enterprise Improvement Corporate Turnaround and Restructuring Financial Advisory Services Information Management Services AlixPartners 2010 China Restaurant & Foodservice Review May 2010  © AlixPartners, LLP, 2010 www. alixpartners. com Contents A. Executive Summary B. Industry Environment C. Financial Performance – Profiles of Selected Restaurants D. 2010 China Consumer Survey Results E. Opportunities for Restaurant Chains F. Conclusions 2 2010 Restaurant & Foodservice Review Executive Summary (1) Market Trends Industry Structure The Chinese restaurant industry has grown by about 11% in 2009 to about 2 trillion RMB. Growth was down from 16% in 2008. ?However, despite annual growth rates of 13% since 2003, the Chinese restaurant industry by 2009 has reached only about half the size of the US restaurant industry, as dining out expenditure per capita in China is less than 10% the expenditure of US people. ? Chinese consumers remain substantially more conservative in terms of d ining out than US consumers: while in the US, people nearly spend half their food expenditure in restaurants, Chinese people only spend 22% in restaurants. The number of restaurants in China is vastly higher than in the US (5. 1 vs. 0. 9 million restaurants) and the industry is significantly more fragmented. Whereas the Top 100 restaurant chains in the US have a 45% overall market share, China’s Top 100 only has a 6% market share in 2009 (down from 9% in 2003). ?Western restaurants remain at a very low level in China, and have a market share of only about 1% in 2009. Apart from KFC, McDonald’s and Pizza Hut, no major US restaurant chain has achieved a major presence in China. Although the leading Chinese restaurant chains have minor market shares as the industry is highly competitive, profitability levels of leading chains were around 10-12% in terms of EBIT margins in 2009 and in line with average US fast-food chains in 2009. ? Given the solid profitability levels and strong future growth potential for Chinese restaurant chains, it is a highly attractive industry for M&A deals and we are likely to see further private equity investments as well as takeovers by leading chains. 3 2010 Restaurant & Foodservice Review Executive Summary (2)Per capita expenditure on dining out will continue to increase at double digit growth rate in 2010. Consumers anticipate spending about 10% more in restaurants than they did in 2009. This is in stark contrast to US where people expect to spend 4% less in 2010. ? To remain competitive, operators must serve high quality food and market themselves more on an individual basis to consumers. Similar to in U. S. , food quality is the most important factor when Chinese consumers determine overall value. Other top factors are price and service ?Chain restaurants are increasingly popular in China. 50% of consumers prefer chains over independent restaurants, while another 35% are indifferent. This indicates a major growth pote ntial for chains, which currently only have a 7% overall market share in China. ? Western restaurants have enormous growth potential. On average, Chinese consumers plan to eat 40% of their meals in Western style restaurants in 2010. This is a substantial contrast to the 1% market share of Western owned restaurants in 2009. Consumer Survey Results Opportunities Consumers preferring Western restaurants cite cleaner environment, better atmosphere and better service as key differences to Chinese style locations. ? Western restaurant chains have substantial opportunities in the Chinese market, but will have to develop tailored concepts to the market.Developing a brand position and good quality reputation will be critical for Western chains in the highly fragmented and competitive market. Especially in the casual dining sector, which has multiple major players in the US, there are major opportunities for new entrants into the Chinese market. Established leading Chinese restaurant chains w ill likely continue to expand and achieve strong margins, as scale results in significant advantages in purchasing, operational effectiveness and marketing. However, it will be critical to implement professional systems to support growth. 4 Contents A. Executive Summary B. Industry Environment C. Financial Performance – Profiles of Selected Restaurants D. 2010 China Consumer Survey Results E. Opportunities for Restaurant Chains F. Conclusions 5China’s Foodservice Industry Has Been Expanding At 13% CAGR in 2003-2009, But Remains At Nearly Half The US Market Size China foodservice industry revenue 2003-2009E [bn RMB] 0. 17 0. 16 0. 14 YOY 0. 13 growth 0. 12 0. 11 0. 1 0. 09 0. 08 0. 15 16% 14% 13% 11% 14% 11% 3,860 956 1,090 1,232 1,365 1,556 1,800 2,000 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 E US 2009 By contrast, US Restaurant Industry has shrunk for the last 2 years in revenue Source: China Statistics Bureau, AlixPartners analysis 6China’s Per Capita Dining Out Inc reased To About 980 RMB Per Year In 2009, Which Is Less Than 10% Of US Per Capita Dining Out China per capita dining out expenditure [RMB per capita per year] 0. 24 0. 22 22% YOY 0. 18 0. 16 growth 0. 14 0. 12 0. 1 0. 08 0. 2 14% 14% 10% 15% 12% 10,100 438 533 607 691 761 878 980 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 E US 2009 Per Capital Dining Out Is Driven By Growing Disposable Income Per Capita (Per Capita Dining Out Has Been Around 6% Of Disposable Income 2004-2009) Source: China Statistics Bureau, AlixPartners analysis 7Chinese People Eat Out Only About 1/3 As Frequent As US People In 2009, As Dining Out Represents 21% Of Total Food Expenditure Average Number Of Times Dining Out 2009 Dining Out As % Of Total Food Expenditure, China vs. USA 204 48% 184 130 22% 72 18% China HK Taiwan USA China 2003 China 2009 E USA 2009 Source: China Statistics Bureau, AlixPartners analysis 8 The Chinese Restaurant Industry Remains Highly Fragmented, With More Than 5. 1 Mio. Outlets And Average Rev enues Of 0. 4 Mio. RMB No. Of Restaurants [Mio. Outlets] Average Revenue Per Outlet [‘000 RMB] 4,091 5. 1 3. 0. 9 308 377 China 2003 China 2009 E USA 2009 China 2003 China 2009 E USA 2009 Source: Euromonitor, China Statistics Bureau, AlixPartners analysis 9 The Top 100 Chinese Restaurants Have A Market Share Of Only 6% in 2009, Compared To 45% In The USA China restaurant revenue, Top 100 vs. Others [% of Industry Total] Top100 9% 6% 45% †¢ Western style restaurants only account for 1% of the Chinese restaurant industry in 2009 †¢ Fast food restaurants account for about 23% of the market in China, compared to about 29% in USA Others 91% 94% 55% China 2003 China 2009 USA 2009Source: China Statistics Bureau, National Restaurant Association 2010 Industry Forecast, AlixPartners analysis 10 Quick Service And Hotpot Restaurants Account For 2/3 Of The Top 100 Restaurants’ Revenues In China Number of companies Revenue % Revenue per company [bn RMB] Comments †¢ Fas t food segment is expanding in China rapidly due to services & quality standardization and relatively low price level †¢ Key players include YUM brands, McDonald’s, Dicos, etc. †¢ Hot Pot restaurants are popular in China, esp. in central and north regions †¢ Key players include Little Sheep, Xiao Wei Yang, Dezhuang, etc.Quick Service Restaurants (QSR) 20 31% 1. 8 HotPot 23 34% 1. 7 Full-Service Casual Dining 17 11% 0. 8 †¢ Casual dining is pointing to a growth trend among young professionals who are seeking places for social activities †¢ Specialty / fine dinning mainly include famous Chinese brands and large restaurant groups, and western fine restaurants Specialty / Fine Dining 40 24% 0. 7 †¢ Western fine restaurants are growing fast but focused on coastal cities Source: China Statistics Bureau, AlixPartners analysis 11 Chain Restaurants Still Account For Small Share In Chinese Market, But HaveBeen Consistently Gaining Market Share China restau rant revenue, Top 100 vs. Others [% of Industry Total] Chained 8% Chain restaurants Independents †¢ Chain restaurants have grown at a faster rate than independent restaurants, driven by advantages in – Advertising / brand building – Cost and quality control – Operational efficiency Independents 92% 19% 15% 12% 20% 16% 22% 18% 23% †¢ In Hong Kong, chained restaurants account for 28% of total market size by revenue †¢ Going forward, chain restaurants are likely to rapidly win market share 2001-06 CAGR 06 vs. 07 Growth 08 vs. 07 Growth 09 vs. 08 GrowthSource: Euromonitor, China Statistics Bureau, AlixPartners analysis 12 Contents A. Executive Summary B. Industry Environment C. Financial Performance – Profiles of Selected Restaurants D. 2010 China Consumer Survey Results E. Opportunities for Restaurant Chains F. Conclusions 13 Three Western Restaurant Brands Are Currently Among The Top 10 (KFC, McDonalds and Pizza Hut) No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Brand KFC McDonald’s Dicos Little Sheep Xiao Wei Yang Pizza Hut UBC Cafe Xiaotiane Company Yum! Brands Inc. McDonald's Corp Ting Hsin International Group Little Sheep Group Limited Inner Mongolia Xiao Wei Yang Yum!Brands Inc. UBC Coffee food Co Ltd Chongqing Xiaotiane Catering Type QSR QSR QSR Hot Pot QSR Casual Dining QSR QSR Market share 1. 2% 0. 5% 0. 3% 0. 2% 0. 2% 0. 2% 0. 2% 0. 1% # of Stores ;gt;2,000 ;gt;1,000 ;gt;1,000 ;gt; 400 ca. 600 ca. 300 ca. 500 ca. 300 9 10 Xiao Tu Dou Malan Lamian Shenyang Xiao Tu Dou Malan Lamian Fast Food QSR QSR 0. 1% 0. 1% ca. 300 ca. 300 Source: Euromonitor, China Statistics Bureau, AlixPartners analysis 14 Major Chinese Restaurant Chains On Average Outperform US Restaurants In EBIT Margins, And Are In Line With US QSR EBIT margin comparison 2009 E Chinese Chains 5. 2% 11. 6% 9. 6% 7. 3% 11. 9% 17. 0% 11. 2% 10. 1% 6. 2% Fairwood Quan Ju De Little Sheep Cafe De Coral Beijing Xian Ge Qing Ajisen US Average Asia F;B USA QSR Peers Source: IQ Cap ital, Annual reports, AlixPartners analysis 15 Leading Chinese Restaurant Chains Remain Small Players Compared To US Peers, But With Significantly Different Growth Perspectives Leading Chinese Chains Company Dafe de Coral Ajisen Little Sheep Fairwood China Quanjude Beijing Xiangeqing HK Catering Management Leading US Chains Growth 2009 9. 1% 18. 7% 23. 5% 2. 2% 8. 3% 20. 6% -7. 2% Revenue 2009 [Mio. RMB] ,674 1,986 1,570 1,466 1,204 738 328 Company McDonald’s Yum! Starbucks Darden Brinker OSI Jack in the Box Burger King Wendy’s Arby’s Cracker Barrel Revenue 2009 [Mio. RMB] 162,112 76,287 70,989 48,407 27,926 Growth 2009 -3. 3% -4. 1% -5. 9% 8. 9% -14. 5% NA -2. 7% 3. 4% -2. 2% -0. 7% 27,816 17,363 17,277 16,691 Xinjiang Bai Hua Cun 64 62. 8% 16,254 †¢ Major US chains with limited growth potential in mature home market †¢ Chinese restaurants with major growth potential (both organic growth and through takeovers) Source: Euromonitor, China Statistics Bur eau, AlixPartners analysis 16Solid EBIT Margin and Growth Potential Are Main Reasons For M;A Activity and PE Investments – Increase In Investments Expected Chained Restaurant # of restaurants in 2009 422 Investment size [m US$] N/A Key M;A and PE investments †¢ Yum Brands bought 20% equity in 2009 †¢ The combined YUM! ; Little Sheep will be the largest and most diversified restaurant company in China, providing both Western and Chinese style restaurants with brands including KFC, Pizza Hut, East Dawning and Little Sheep †¢ Nov. 2005, a group of investors including IDGVC invested $ 14 million †¢ GGV and first round investors invested $10. million in 2007 †¢ In 2008, Oaktree and existing investors, invested $23 million †¢ In 2007, Capital Today and Liandong invested $43 million 70 14 11 23 300+ 43 98 40+ 50 43 †¢ Nov. 2008, Actis invested USD 50 million †¢ Dec. 2008, CDH invested $43 million With solid EBIT margins and strong growth oppor tunities, private equity investments and takeovers by leading restaurant chains are likely to increase Source: Published data, AlixPartners analysis 17 For Example, Little Sheep Restaurant Chain – A Success Story Company Overview Little Sheep is the leading full-service restaurant chain operator in China. It’s ranked #4 in all restaurant companies in China and #1 in local companies †¢ The company focuses on operating hot pot chain restaurants as well as developing, processing and selling food product including lamb and hot pot soup †¢ Little Sheep’s revenue rose from RMB 513 millions in 2005 to 1,272 millions in 2008, growing at 35% CAGR †¢ It has 422 restaurants in total by mid 2009: 146 companyowned and 276 franchised restaurants RMB Millions Revenue CAGR †¢ 05-08: 35% †¢ 08-14E: 31%Revenue Growth ; Breakout Success Factor †¢ Standardization facilitates expansion into China: The standard products in hot pot restaurant cuisine requ ire minimal kitchen preparation and enable easier quality control †¢ Its focus on quality creates a strong brand. In particular, it is known for high-quality lamb †¢ Focuses on consumer segment of 20-40 year olds and invests heavily in advertising and its royalty program †¢ Shifted from sole franchising model to a mixed franchising ; owned model in 2002, facilitating geographic expansion Franchised vs. Owned Business Model Company-owned model helps Little Sheep enhance its operational efficiency by better executing its branding and marketing strategy, optimizing menus and facilitating the launching of new products†¢ Franchised restaurants model obviates the need for the company to raise capital and run the day-to-day business, thus very effective or the company to penetrate lower-tier cities Source: Annual report, Yuanta Research report, AlixPartners analysis 18 Contents A. Executive Summary B. Industry Environment C. Financial Performance – Profiles of Se lected Restaurants D. 010 China Consumer Survey Results E. Opportunities for Restaurant Chains F. Conclusions 19 AlixPartners 2010 China Consumer Survey: Overview Date: March 2010 Population: 1,030 adults, 13 major cities in China, age 18+ (average age 25) Demographics: Respondent group was representative of the Chinese population across key demographics and income ranges Survey Focus: Key areas of focus included: ? Planned frequency of dining occasions ? Expected spending on meals outside the home ? Preferred type of restaurants ? Key criteria for consumer preference in restaurant selectionUS Survey: In March 2010, AlixPartners also conduced a similar study in the USA, also covering a survey population of 1,000 adults  © AlixPartners, LLP, 2009 20 In China, Average Spent Per Meal Is Expected To Increase By 10% In 2010 – By Contrast US Diners Expect to Pay 4% Less Expected average spending per meal [RMB] CHINA USA -4% 82. 6 +10% 79. 2 48. 8 53. 7 Last 12 Months Next 12 Mont hs Last 12 Months Next 12 Months 21 Over The Next 12 Months, Nearly 46% Expect To Spend More Money in Restaurants in China, While Consumers in USA Remain Cautious Planned consumer spending, 2010 CHINA USA 51% 46% 41% 5% 39% 34% 13% 16% 15% Spend less Spend same Q1-2010 Spend more Spend less Spend same Q1-2009 Spend more Q1-2010 22 Fine Dining and Fast Casual Will Benefit Most From Dining Frequency Increase In China – Fast Food and Fast Casual Most Impacted in USA Dining frequency per month and restaurant type CHINA +9% USA S 2009: 13. 7 S 2010: 15. 1 6. 4 -20% S 2009: 13. 8 S 2010: 11. 8 5. 1 6. 2 5. 7 +13% 4. 4 3. 9 +7% -17% 2. 9 3. 1 +17% 2. 9 2. 4 2. 9 2. 8 1. 6 1. 5 1. 2 1. 4 Fast Food Fast Casual LTM Freq/Month Casual Fine Dining Fast Food Fast Casual LTM Freq/Month Casual Fine Dining 2010 Expected 2010 Expected 23Biggest Drivers to Increasing Frequency At Favorite Locations Are: (1) Better Quality, (2) Closer Location, and (3) Improved Service Better food quality Closer location Improved service Better atmosphere Healthier menu options 26% 37% 36% 35% 25% 22% 17% 15% 15% 13% 12% 10% 8% 7% 5% 4% 3% More or better promotions, discounts, or†¦ Better value Family friendly environment Expanded menu variety Bigger portion sizes Shorten time to get in and out Offer take out service Other, specify Expanded dessert and/or beverage options Make information available on the internet Accommodate special dietary needs Smaller portion sizesWhat would cause you to eat out more often at the restaurant(s) you visit most frequently? 24 In Determining Overall VALUE, Chinese Consumers Are Far Less Focused On Price ; Promotions Than American Diners Food quality Overall service Low prices Healthy menu options Good promotions, discounts, or coupons Updated environment ; decor Big portion sizes Value meals Amenities and atmosphere Range of dessert and/or beverage options 9% 6% 5% 9% 28% 27% 31% 24% 22% 19% 23% 44% 47% 42% 60% 59% 75% 6% China U. S. 16% 34% As a cons umer, what factors are most important to you in defining OVERALL VALUE for your dollar? 5 In China, Word-of-mouth Is The Strongest Form Of Advertising For Restaurants Word of mouth Street walk-by Internet Flier, coupon, booklet, etc. Self experience TV Magazine Newspaper 17% 16% 5% 28% 25% 37% 36% 71% 34% emails 26 50% of Survey Respondents in China Prefer Chain Restaurants 50% 35% 15% Yes No No difference Do you prefer a chain store over independent restaurants? 27 Majority of China’s Consumers Prefer Chinese Style Dining, But Western Style is Very Popular Among Survey Respondents Total Sample – Fast Food Next 12 months,Western style Next 12 months,Chinese styleTotal Sample – Fast Casual Next 12 months,Western style Next 12 months,Chinese style 40% 60% 61% 39% Total Sample – Casual Next 12 months,Western style Next 12 months,Chinese style Total Sample – Fine Dining Next 12 months,Western style Next 12 months,Chinese style 15% 34% 66% 85% Approxima tely 40% of Consumers in China Plan to Eat at Western Style Restaurants; Penetration of Western Chains Most Prominent in Fast Food 28 Those Preferring Western Restaurants Cite the Cleaner Environment and Better Atmosphere Key Differences to Chinese Style Locations Clean or better environment 52%Better atmosphere (music, decor, etc. ) 46% Better services 40% Try something different 31% Better taste of food 29% Cultural attraction 26% Healthier menu options 19% Dessert and/or beverage options 16% What do you like about Western restaurants compared with Chinese restaurants? 29 Contents A. Executive Summary B. Industry Environment C. Financial Performance – Profiles of Selected Restaurants D. 2010 China Consumer Survey Results E. Opportunities for Restaurant Chains F. Conclusions 30 Operational Improvement Levers For Major Restaurant Chains Winning strategies in operations improvement Centralized purchasing to implement professional process Purchasing †¢ Negotiations sweeps coupled with strategic sourcing†¢ Logistics optimization and commodity risk analysis †¢ Centralized operations and facilities management, and IT Operational Effectiveness †¢ Lean Kitchen/Operations including emphasis on food waste % †¢ R;D Process Improvement †¢ Develop clear brand position and tailored advertising strategies Marketing †¢ Implement effective LTOs with input from supply chain partners †¢ Encourage first time visits and push customer loyalty †¢ Partnering effectively with ocal owners who know the market Expansion †¢ Implement rigorous store selection process, with clear criteria †¢ Increase no. of stores to build brand awareness Restaurant chains have substantial scale advantages in operations! 31 Opportunities For Western Restaurant Chains in China, Which So Far Have Been Hesitating To Invest on a Large Scale Leading US casual dining chains and their current China presence US Chain Brand Applebee’s Outback Stea khouse # of stores Globally 2,000 900 880 780 # of stores in China 0 100 0 30 RemarksOpened a restaurant in Shanghai in 2007, but has since left the country Operates two restaurants in Beijing and around five in HK; market leader in Korea Opened in Philippines in 2007, but has not expanded into other Asian countries Entered China in 1995 and has four restaurants in Beijing, but only one each in Shanghai, Tianjin and HK Highly successful chain, but no operations outside North America (same for sister company Red Lobster, both part of Darden’s) One restaurant in Shanghai and two in HK Ruby Tuesday TGI Friday Olive Garden 700 Tony Roma’s 0 0 260 3

History of Chemistry essays

History of Chemistry essays Humans have always been very curios creatures. The have always wondered about what they are and why they are here. Our limited knowledge of the environment has always urged for new things to be discovered. The desire to understand the world better has made people search for rational answers, for principles and laws. For centuries people have tried to unlock the mysterious world that surrounds them. Because myths did not explain things well enough the Greeks began to ask questions about the world around them. They did this so thoroughly and so brilliantly that the era between 600 and 400 B.C. is called the golden age of philosophy. The Greek philosophy was an attempt to find the truth about unexplained phenomena, mostly by trying to think things through, not by running experiments in a laboratory. The philosophers wanted to discover the basic nature of things and some of them believed that they could find one thing that everything else was made of. A philosopher named Thales said that this substance was water, but another named Anaximenes thought it was air. A third called Empedocles said that the world was composed of four elements: earth, air fire and water. Aristotle became the most influential of the Greek philosophers, and his ideas dominated science for nearly two millennia after his death in 323 BC. He believed that four qualities were found in nature: heat, cold, moisture, and dryness. The four elements were each composed of pairs of these qualities; for example, fire was hot and dry, water was cold and moist, air was hot and moist, and earth was cold and dry. These elements with their qualities combined in various proportions to form the components of the earthly planet. Because it was possible for the amounts of each quality in an element to be changed, the elements could be changed into one another; thus, it was thought possible also to change the material substances that were built up from the elements-lead into gold, fo...

Free Essays on Two Neighbors

TWO NEIGHBORS:CANADA AND THE U.S Every nation in attendance at an international symposium on elephants had to deliver a report on the animals.America saw the economic values in : â€Å"Raising elephants for Fund and Profit†.The Canadian report was of course,typically Canadian:†The elephant:A federal or Provincial Responsibility?† This humorous little story points a big difference between the US and Canada out:how different economic values separate these twin sisters with different characters.This difference influences attitudes towards life,friendship and nature.And because of this big difference l believe Canada is a better place to live. First of all,gaining the financial power is the only means of gaining â€Å"security† in the US.As the US wants to keep this it tends to see other parts of the world as market places where it can control the act of imporing and exporting.To keep its financial status the US believes that it has to be on the top in every field.Because of that most Americans, if not all ,boast of their mighty army which intimidates its strong rivals in the world market. In contast to the US Canada feels secure despite its failure in economy.Though the unemployment rate is higher the crime rate is lower.Because of that in Canada people do not even bother to lock their locks.In Michael Moore’s 9/11 this interesting issue can be seen.Also,as they do not see other countries as treats to themselves they believe other countries do not see Canada as a treat .As a result,they do not feel obliged to have a powerful army. In the US forming a friendship is mostly because of Professional needs.The more social they become the more chance they have to get a better job ,that is to say, a higher salary.Though many can hear an American saying â€Å"Good Morning!† while going to work their friendship ends there.Besides,as they are in a hurry to get a higher salary they can not find tim... Free Essays on Two Neighbors Free Essays on Two Neighbors TWO NEIGHBORS:CANADA AND THE U.S Every nation in attendance at an international symposium on elephants had to deliver a report on the animals.America saw the economic values in : â€Å"Raising elephants for Fund and Profit†.The Canadian report was of course,typically Canadian:†The elephant:A federal or Provincial Responsibility?† This humorous little story points a big difference between the US and Canada out:how different economic values separate these twin sisters with different characters.This difference influences attitudes towards life,friendship and nature.And because of this big difference l believe Canada is a better place to live. First of all,gaining the financial power is the only means of gaining â€Å"security† in the US.As the US wants to keep this it tends to see other parts of the world as market places where it can control the act of imporing and exporting.To keep its financial status the US believes that it has to be on the top in every field.Because of that most Americans, if not all ,boast of their mighty army which intimidates its strong rivals in the world market. In contast to the US Canada feels secure despite its failure in economy.Though the unemployment rate is higher the crime rate is lower.Because of that in Canada people do not even bother to lock their locks.In Michael Moore’s 9/11 this interesting issue can be seen.Also,as they do not see other countries as treats to themselves they believe other countries do not see Canada as a treat .As a result,they do not feel obliged to have a powerful army. In the US forming a friendship is mostly because of Professional needs.The more social they become the more chance they have to get a better job ,that is to say, a higher salary.Though many can hear an American saying â€Å"Good Morning!† while going to work their friendship ends there.Besides,as they are in a hurry to get a higher salary they can not find tim...

Is Leadership Failing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Is Leadership Failing - Essay Example Both these aspects of leaderships are discussed. Poor vision is manifested from lack of planning and ignoring excellence. Low level of trust is evident from the results of different studies and surveys conducting in the field. From different articles and works of scholars it is clear that trust is important factor which is missing in current corporate leadership. It is requirement of current corporate leadership to develop trust in order to make leadership effective. There is no doubt in the abilities and potentials of leadership the things they need are to foster trust and show vision. Keywords: Corporate Leadership, Vision, Trust. Is Leadership Failing? Importance Leadership is the essence of any successful venture. From national level to corporate level, everywhere the importance of leadership needs no illustration. Good leadership is must for the development and growth of business. In corporate world there is lot of emphasis on good leadership skills and qualities. There are lot of studies and theories regarding effective leadership. These materials help us understand different trends and styles of leadership. The question regarding the quality of leadership is one of the oft discussed issues of corporate world. There is growing concern regarding quality of leadership and this concern is added by the findings of different surveys and studies. There are many issues related with poor quality of leadership. ... The concern regarding declining standards of leadership is genuine and there is dire need to look into the matter before things get out of control. Leadership is related with people therefore there is no single theory to explain leaders and leadership. Different scholars have tried to explain these terms with their own field of study. Development of management science has contributed a great deal in the study of leadership. The main focus of management scholars is corporate and business sector. The emphases of scholars remain on the study of leadership and its different styles. No single theory is complete in itself but help us understand different aspects. There are many aspects of leadership and factors responsible for the decline. The main focus of current review will be on vision and trust. These two qualities are very important for effective leadership and current crisis in leadership is to a large extent because of the low level of vision and trust. Vision Vision can be defined as a structured insight or inclination. It is an anticipated or supposed model of joint possibilities to which others can be attracted, given the necessary interest and impetus on the part of the leader who is disseminating that vision. Vision of a leader makes him different from others. The ability to foresee and then act accordingly is must for any effective leadership. Unfortunately majority of US corporate leadership is lacking in vision. They fail to see future world or they are far too much occupied in their mundane affairs. Decisions are made in short term and there is little focus on long term and durable policy for future. This speaks volume of lack of vision. It was lack of vision which is responsible

Human nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human nature - Essay Example I take the position that cruelty is a unique human trait since, as its definition suggests, it involves deliberate infliction of pain and suffering on others and deriving pleasure from it. Empirically, human beings have a unique ability to attribute suffering or pain to other creatures. This was not the case with the subjects in the Milgram’s experiment; in fact Stanley Milgram in one of his quotes declared that how a man acts is much more determined by the situation he finds himself in and not much in his nature or the kind of a person he is. The subjects in the experiment acted as they did; they were willing to deliver to deliver the maximum shock, which they did. Despite the fact that they did deliver the maximum shock, they were, however, angry, distraught, and agitated at the experimenter. They delivered the maximum shock anyway because they were following order, which they did to the end. This shows that the subjects acted as they did; they performed seemingly sadistic a nd overly cruel acts; not because it was their nature-who they were-, but because they were obey the instruction of the authority. Similarly, in Kitty Genovese case, none of the 38 witnessed helped Kitty Genovese despite his numerous cry for help, not because they did not want to help her or because they were cruel, but because of the situation that they found themselves in (Gansberg). This is explained by the experiment carried out by John Darley and Bibb Latane, who sought to explain the behavior of the 38 people who witnessed the brutality and murder of Kitty Genovese. Darley and Latane argued that the 38 witnesses behaved the way they did because of the effect referred to as diffusion of responsibility. Diffusion of responsibility states that no one is willing to help because they are all thinking that someone else will help. Darley and Latane found out that the more the witnessed were, the more helping behavior decreased; the less every person felt that it was their responsibil ity to help (Slater 112). This thus disputes the notion that no one helped Kitty Genovese because cruelty is part of human nature, and the 38 witnesses were cruel. Cruelty in itself is subjective; what others may consider cruel, other people may consider not cruel but a more logical choice. As its definition suggests, cruelty is a feeling that cannot be defined without being idiosyncratic. This is because the range of human feeling greatly differs; others may be insensitive while others may be sensitive. Despite cruelty being considered part of human nature, the logic is somewhat flawed since it is tied to human emotions, while it is to some extent objective. Cruelty is not unnatural, either; this is because, more often than not human beings are cruel to other people that they do not like or they loathe. In fact, most people act cruel as a way of revenging or taking back; something that is purely human nature. It is argued that when a human being’s life it threatened, he can only survive by being cruel; the enemy in that case might not try or be able to hurt them. Thus, I take the stand that, even though